Network Models

OSI
- OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection.
- This is an reference for the application to communicate to the other application over the network.

- There are seven layers which consists of
1. Application - This is to identified when someone is going to talk to it.

2. Presentation - This is part of operating system (OS). This working is about converting the data that is ingoing or outgoing.

3. Session - This layer is to sets up. It is used to coordinates, and terminates conversations.

4. Transport - This layer is used to make the packetision data be placed in order.
- It also used for sending the packet.
- It is also including the checking of the correction within the data, whenever the data is being received or arrived.

5. Network - This layer is to handle the addressing and routing the data.
- This is used to send the data into the correct locations on the outgoing transmission.
- When this layer received the incoming transmission at the packet level.
-  IP is the network layer for the internet.

6. Data link - This layer has two sub-layers
- the logical link control layer and - the Media Access Control layer (MAC).

7. Physical - This layer is used to bring the bit stream to the entire network
- either by using the electrically
- mechanically
- through the radio waves

- The physical layer covers variety of devices and mediums
- cablings
- connectors
- receivers
- transceivers
- repeaters

TCP/IP 

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol
IP stands for Internet Protocol

TCP/IP is the language that a host use to access the internet.
- It consists a suite protocols that has been designed to establish a network of networks
- to provide a host with access to the internet.

Application layer - provide applications with standardized data exchange.
Transport layer - responsible for maintaining end-to-end communications across the network.
- While the TCP handles communications between hosts and
- provides

responsible for maintaining end-to-end communications across the network. TCP handles communications between hosts and provides flow control, multiplexing and reliability. The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is sometimes used instead of TCP for special purposes. 

DEFINITION

OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection)

https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/OSI [Accessed on 24th April 2018]

Network Topologies

Network Topologies is the arrangement of network.


Point-To-Point Topology 
- there are only two hosts that are connected to each other with a cable.

Advantages: 1- Faster in sending information
2- Do not have to wait to send the information

Problems: 1- Once the cable is broken, so cannot transfer the information
2- It only have one cable, so it means it cannot connect to other hosts.

Bus Topology
- there is only one cable that connected to multiple hosts.

Advantages: 1- There is only less cable needed than the other topology like 'Star topology'
2-  When user only need for a small network, bus topology is the easiest topology they can use for it.

Problems: 1- The hosts only connected to one cable, so it surely can be lagging.
2- When there is one host that is broken, so all the hosts is effected.

Star Topology
- all the devices are connected to one switch or hub or router.

Advantages: 1- It can be faster when sending the information.
2- There are switch, for example switch, it can be use for multiple hosts.

Problems: 1- It is expensive to buy the cables.
2- When the switch, hub or router is broken, so there is no connection.

Ring Topology
- there are many hosts that are connected to each other.

Advantages: 1- When there is one part that is disconnected, but there are still other ways to send the information.
2- It is faster when sending the information, because only one person that is using the cable.

Problems: 1- Queue up/ need to get the token ring before send the information
2- The information can be reads by the other hosts.

Mesh Topology 
- there is one host that is connected to many hosts.

There is two types of Mesh topology: 1- Partial and 2- Full Mesh.

Advantages: 1- It can be fast because there are many cables.
2- When one cable is broken, they can use other cable to send the information.

Problem: 1- many cables needed.
2- It is expensive.

Tree topology
- it is also known as Hierarchical topology.
- It is most commonly used network topology in today.

Advantages: 1- Fast sending of the information.
2- Suitable for office use.

Problems: 1- It is expensive.
2- Use many cables.

References:

    Bus Topology

https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/bustopol.htm [Accessed on 20th April 2018]

Point to Point Network Topology

http://www.conceptdraw.com/How-To-Guide/point-to-point-network-topology [Accessed on 20th April 2018]

CN_LAN_Lab8_Noorsabrena

Activity: WAN Technologies

Sabrena

Mizah

Research details of the THREE (3) WAN Technologies

1. MPLS

- It stands for Multiprotocol Label Switching.

- It is expensive

- a way to make sure reliable connections for real-time applications

How it works?

- carry data and voice, and can be used to simplify WAN routing

-Example

2. Frame Relay

- It is high performance of WAN protocol.

- Today, it is used for variety of other network interfaces.

How it works?

- FR use Virtual Circuits (VC) to set up the connections over the WAN.

- Examples: Packet Switch Technology.

3. ATM

- It is stands for Asynchronous Transfer Mode

- It is a switching technique for telecommunication networks 

- It use asynchronous time division multiplexing and it encodes data into small

How it work?

- Once a connection is set up, the ATM network will provide end-to-end quality of service to the end users.

- The routing information is carried in the header of each cell

- Cells are reassembled into voice, video, image, or data at the destination.

- Examples

References:

Techopedia.com. (2018). What is Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/527/multiprotocol-label-switching-mpls [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018].

Google.com.bn. (2018). frame relay diagram - Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com.bn/search?q=frame+relay+diagram&rlz=1C1LENP_enBN726BN726&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7_bv1orHaAhXDv48KHTGTBwsQ_AUICigB&biw=1422&bih=1020#imgrc=TW_qslawediJtM: [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018].

Johnson, N. (2018). MPLS explained. [online] Network World. Available at: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2297171/sd-wan/network-security-mpls-explained.html [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018].

Google.com.bn. (2018). mpls in wan technology - Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www.google.com.bn/search?q=mpls+in+wan+technology&rlz=1C1LENP_enBN726BN726&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii7Magp7HaAhXFpI8KHVivAN8Q_AUICigB#imgrc=1aHN979BMWuXfM: [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018].

Information Security Notes. (2017). What is MPLS ( Multiprotocol label switching ) - WAN Technology - Information Security Notes. [online] Available at: http://securitynotes.org/what-is-mpls-wan-technology/ [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018].

Activity: Types of Network

Sabrena and Mizah.

Research at least FOUR (4) different types of network.


 FOUR (4) different types of network.

1. PAN
2. LAN
3. MAN
4. WAN

1. PAN stands for Personal Area Network. It is a computer network that is organized around an individual person. It works when there is wireless that is connected to a cell phone. So a person can communication to their friends or related through cell phone. Examples of PAN network are the Bluetooth speaker that are connected through wireless and there is only a person that will communicate with the other devices that are already connected to the wireless.

2. LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is a network which is designed to operate over a small physical area. It works only in one location or one building. Example of LAN network are The Micronet International College, office and factory.

3. MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. It is in between LAN and WAN technology that covered the entire city. It works when there is one city that have many branches inside it. Example of MAN is BIBD bank.

4. WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is when network spans over a large distance. It works when one country with one country that considered as WAN. Example of WAN is Brunei and Malaysia.

References:

pan diagram - Google Search. (2018). Google.com.bn. Retrieved 10 April 2018, from https://www.google.com.bn/search?q=pan+diagram&rlz=1C1LENP_enBN726BN726&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjggY6Rhq_aAhUPS48KHeymAVAQ_AUICigB&biw=1422&bih=1020#imgrc=HW-SfScM0xt6BM: [Accessed on 10th April 2018]

lan network - Google Search. (2018). Google.com.bn. Retrieved 10 April 2018, from https://www.google.com.bn/search?q=lan+network&rlz=1C1LENP_enBN726BN726&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw4aOria_aAhULPI8KHVdvBBoQ_AUICigB&biw=1422&bih=965#imgrc=KIzUsmK1TtjRUM: [Accessed on 10th April 2018]

wan network - Google Search. (2018). Google.com.bn. Retrieved 10 April 2018, from https://www.google.com.bn/search?rlz=1C1LENP_enBN726BN726&biw=1422&bih=965&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=0VnMWqDSOYXsvAS91IWABQ&q=wan+network&oq=wan+network&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0i19k1l10.93191.93413.0.93772.2.2.0.0.0.0.168.324.0j2.2.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.2.324....0.S6Dx5tubRVA#imgrc=z9PWkDYydVhbKM: [Accessed on 10th April 2018]

man network - Google Search. (2018). Google.com.bn. Retrieved 10 April 2018, from https://www.google.com.bn/search?q=man+network&rlz=1C1LENP_enBN726BN726&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ38SDi6_aAhVFoJQKHbUbDp8Q_AUICigB&biw=1422&bih=965#imgrc=7Kmm_OP-nhM2uM: [Accessed on 10th April 2018]

Dhola (2015). Computer Network. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/AkShayDhola/computer-network-53811487 [Accessed 10 Apr. 2018].